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Specialty graphite is graphite with carbon mass fraction greater than 99.99%, also known as "three high graphite" (high strength, high density, high purity). It is characterized by high strength, high density, high purity, high chemical stability, high thermal and electrical conductivity, high temperature resistance, radiation resistance, strong lubrication and easy processing. Isostatic graphite belongs to specialty graphite.

Defect-free epitaxial growth occurs when one crystal lattice has nearly identical lattice constants to another. Growth happens when lattice sites of the two lattices at the interface region are approximately matched, which is possible with a small lattice mismatch (less than 0.1%). This approximate matching is achieved even with elastic strain at the interface, where each atom is slightly displaced from its original position in the boundary layer. While a small amount of strain is tolerable for thin layers and even desirable for quantum well lasers, the strain energy stored in the crystal is generally lowered by the formation of misfit dislocations, which involve a missing row of atoms in one lattice.

Silicon carbide (SiC), a prominent structural ceramic, is renowned for its exceptional properties, including high-temperature strength, hardness, elastic modulus, wear resistance, thermal conductivity, and corrosion resistance. These attributes make it suitable for a wide range of applications, from traditional industrial uses in high-temperature kiln furniture, burner nozzles, heat exchangers, sealing rings, and sliding bearings, to advanced applications like ballistic armor, space mirrors, semiconductor wafer chucks, and nuclear fuel cladding.

There are several materials currently under investigation, among which silicon carbide stands out as one of the most promising. Similar to GaN, it boasts higher operating voltages, higher breakdown voltages, and superior conductivity compared to silicon. Moreover, thanks to its high thermal conductivity, silicon carbide can be utilized in environments with extreme temperatures. Lastly, it is significantly smaller in size yet capable of handling greater power.

Semiconductor materials can be divided into three generations according to the time sequence. The first generation of germanium, silicon and other common monomaterials, which is characterised by convenient switching, generally used in integrated circuits. The second generation of gallium arsenide, indium phosphide and other compound semiconductors, mainly used for light-emitting and communication materials.

Heat treatment is one of the essential and important processes in the semiconductor process. Thermal process is the process of applying thermal energy to a wafer by placing it in an environment filled with a specific gas, including oxidation/diffusion/annealing, etc.